The conspiracies came together on Thermidor 9 (July 27) when members of the national bodies of the revolutionary government arrested Robespierre and the leaders of the Paris city government. But to get the voting rights women had to struggle for about next two hundred years in many countries including France. Napoleon drew together an alliance with a number of prominent political figures and they overthrew the Directory by a coup d’état on November 9, 1799 (Coup of 18th Brumaire). The Revolutionary Tribunal summarily condemned thousands of people to death by guillotine, while mobs beat other victims to death. On the next day, the worship of the deistic Supreme Being was inaugurated as an official aspect of the revolution. A commission was established to examine evidence against the King while the Convention’s Legislation Committee considered legal aspects of any future trial. The Girondins represented the more moderate elements of the Convention and protested the vast influence held in the Convention by Parisians. Catching the attention of the Committee of Public Safety, he was put in charge of the artillery of France’s Army of Italy. The defeat of the royalist insurrection earned Bonaparte sudden fame, wealth, and the patronage of the new government, the Directory. Traditionally, historians have identified a centrist faction called the Plain, but many historians tend to blur the line between the Plain and the Girondins. The new Convention, occupied mostly with matters of war, did little to remedy the problem until April 1793 when they created the Committee of Public Safety. Members of various revolutionary factions and groups were executed including the Hébertists and the Dantonists. The royal family became prisoners and a rump session of the Legislative Assembly suspended the monarchy. This led to a political contest between the more moderate Girondists and the more radical Montagnards inside the Convention, with rumor used as a weapon by both sides. The period from 1793 to 1794 is known as the Reign of Terror. For the king’s sentence, deputy Jean-Baptiste Mailhe proposed “Death, but (…) I think it would be worthy of the Convention to consider whether it would be useful to policy to delay the execution.” This “Mailhe amendment,” supported by 26 deputies, was regarded by some of Mailhe’s contemporaries as a conspiracy to save the king’s life. French merchants bought slave mainly from Africa. Thus, the First Coalition was formed. 379 members of the National Convention, for the most part moderate republicans, were elected to the new legislature. Paul Barras, a leader of the Thermidorian Reaction, knew of Bonaparte’s earlier military exploits and gave him command of the improvised forces in defense of the Convention in the Tuileries Palace. This created a mass overflow in the prison systems. This ended the specifically republican phase of the French Revolution. Two elected legislative councils would run the government. The constitution of 1791 made them disappointed as they were pushed to the category of passive citizen in that. The Reign of Terror (From 1793 to 1794) The period from 1793 to 1794 is known as the Reign of Terror. In June 1793, Paris sections took over the Convention, calling for administrative and political purges, a low fixed price for bread, and a limitation of the electoral franchise to sans-culottes alone. It served to further highlight the convention’s fear of enemies of the Revolution. In October 1795, immediately after the suppression of a royalist uprising in Paris, the elections for the new Councils decreed by the new constitution took place. The Committee’s powers were reduced piece by piece. The French Revolution is a watershed development in the modern history. They were staunch constitutional monarchists, firm in their defense of the King against the popular agitation. Augereau_Coup_d_etat_18_Fructidor_in_Tuileries.jpg. Robespierre’s government issued laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages and prices. The Thermidorian regime excluded the remaining Montagnards from power, even those who had joined in conspiring against Robespierre and Saint-Just. Following the fall of Robespierre and the Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794, Napoleon, although closely associated with Robespierre, was released from the arrest within two weeks. The French army carried out Bonaparte’s plan in the Battle of Saorgio in April 1794 and then advanced to seize Ormea in the mountains. The Girondists lost ground when they seemed too conciliatory, but the pendulum swung again after the men who endorsed the massacres were denounced as terrorists. T… and 361 voted for death without conditions, just carrying the vote by a marginal majority. Napoleon Bonaparte became the emperor of France in 1804. The Directory defeated a resurgence of the War in the Vendée, the royalist-led civil war in the Vendée region, but failed in its venture to support the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and create an Irish Republic. His refusal united all the Jacobins in the project of overturning the monarchy by force. Bonaparte wished to establish a French presence in the Middle East, with the ultimate dream of linking with Tipu Sultan, a Muslim enemy of the British in India. His steadfast adherence and defense of the views he expressed earned him the nickname l’Incorruptible (The Incorruptible). On January 21, 1793, the former Louis XVI, now simply named Citoyen Louis Capet (Citizen Louis Capet), was executed by guillotine. Reign of Terror ended with the end of Robespierre. With enemy troops advancing, the Commune looked for potential traitors in Paris and sent a circular letter to the other cities of France inviting them to follow this example. To speed up the retreat, Bonaparte ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned with opium. In the elections of 1797 for one-third of the seats, the Royalists won the great majority and were poised to take control of the Directory in the next election. Short Note on ‘Reign of Terror’ Reign of Terror refers to the period 1793-94 when France became a republic under Maximilian Robespierre and followed a policy of severe control and punishment. The Austrians were alarmed by the French thrust that reached all the way to Leoben, not very far from Vienna, and finally decided to sue for peace. 34 voted for death with attached conditions (23 of whom invoked the Mailhe amendment), 2 voted for life imprisonment in irons, 319 voted for imprisonment until the end of the war (to be followed by banishment). 2. Napoleon Bonaparte, aged 23, lieutenant-colonel of a battalion of Corsican Republican volunteers, paitning by Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux, ca. The name Thermidorian refers to Thermidor 9, Year II (July 27, 1794), the date according to the French Republican Calendar when Robespierre and other radical revolutionaries came under concerted attack in the National Convention. After work they had to cook and look after for their families. The leftists were 136 Jacobins (still including the party later known as the Girondins or Girondists) and Cordeliers (a populist group, whose many members would later become the radical Montagnards ). The political deadlock, which had repercussions all over France, eventually drove both major factions to accept dangerous allies, royalists in the case of Girondins and the sans-culottes in that of the Montagnards. It was formed as an administrative body to supervise and expedite the work of the executive bodies of the Convention and the government ministers appointed by the Convention. These negotiations resulted in the Treaty of Campo Formio, and Bonaparte returned to Paris in December as a hero. The execution of Louis XVI on January 21, 1793, radicalized the French Revolution at home and united European monarchies against revolutionary France. Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men: 1,500 were reported missing, 1,200 died in combat, and thousands perished from disease. A general in the French army and leader of the 1799 coup that overthrew the Directory. On September 4, 1797, with the army in place, the Coup d’état of 18 Fructidor, Year V was set in motion. At this time, he was a fervent Corsican nationalist. In all, the committee oversaw some 17,000 official executions. He was promoted to captain in the regular army in 1792, despite exceeding his leave of absence and leading a riot against a French army in Corsica. Most Montagnards (radical republicans) favored judgement and execution, while the Girondins (moderate republicans) were divided concerning Louis’s fate. In the first encounter between the two armies, Napoleon pushed back his opponents and advanced deep into Austrian territory. On Thermidor 8 (July 26), he gave a speech to the Convention in which he railed against enemies and conspiracies, some within the powerful committees. The Insurrection of August 10, 1792, was one of the defining events in the history of the French Revolution. 26 deputies were absent from the vote, most on official business. On January 21, 1815 Louis XVI and his wife’s remains were reburied in the Basilica of Saint-Denis where in 1816 his brother, King Louis XVIII, had a funerary monument erected by Edme Gaulle. India and the Contemporary World I (History) Chapter-1– The French Revolution, The following page provides you NCERT book solutions for class 9 social science, social science class 9 notes in pdf are also available in the related links between the text. The Treaty of Leoben, followed by the more comprehensive Treaty of Campo Formio, gave France control of most of northern Italy and the Low Countries, and a secret clause promised the Republic of Venice to Austria. Not a single deputy voted “no,” although 26 attached some condition to their votes. The body of Louis XVI was immediately transported to the old Church of the Madeleine (demolished in 1799), since the legislation in force forbade burial of his remains beside those of his father, the Dauphin Louis de France, at Sens. The intense rivalry between the two superpowers raised concerns in the United States that Communists and leftist sympathizers inside America might actively work as Soviet spies and pose a threat to U.S. security.Such ideas were not totally unfounded. The Jacobins identified themselves with the popular movement and the sans-culottes, who in turn saw popular violence as a political right. Guilty persons were beheaded using guillotine. The execution were completed after trial by revolutionary tribunal. After the first few years of the French Revolution, France certainly found itself in desperate times. It was ratified by public referendum, but never put into force. During this time, French people who did not support the revolution were executed at the guillotine. The correct answer was given: kaykay9243. New members were appointed the day after Robespierre’s execution and term limits were imposed. The Legislative Assembly first met on October 1, 1791, under the Constitution of 1791, consisting of 745 members. As the Committee tried to meet the dangers of a coalition of European nations and counter-revolutionary forces within the country, it became more and more powerful. Because of forcible implementation of laws, even supporters of Robespierre started the demand for change. For example - Many state schools were created, schooling was made compulsory for all girls, marriage against the will of girl was prohibited, divorce was made legal and could be applied for by both women and men, they could train for jobs, could run businesses, could become artists. Chaos persisted until the National Convention, elected by universal male suffrage and charged with writing a new constitution, met on September 20, 1792, and became the new de facto government of France. Only one out of the five original members served on the Directory throughout its entire existence. Robespierre was declared an outlaw and condemned without judicial process. In addition, the sans-culottes were violently suppressed by the Muscadin, a group of street fighters organized by the new government. Radicals took control of the revolutionary government. As a result of Robespierre’s insistence on associating terror with virtue, his efforts to make the republic a morally united patriotic community became equated with the endless bloodshed. General Augereau’s soldiers arrested Pichegru, Barthélemy, and the leading royalist deputies of the Councils. She was guillotined on October 16, 1793. The Directory denounced the arbitrary executions of the Reign of Terror, but also engaged in large-scale illegal repressions and even massacres of civilians (War in the Vendée). Thus, the Girondins ceased to be a political force. General Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at Alexandria in July. The earlier atrocities had made confidence or goodwill between parties impossible. The extensive demand of sugar, coffee and indigo in European market was fulfilled by the exploitation of slaves as labours. In early 1799, he moved an army into the Ottoman province of Damascus (Syria and Galilee). The Girondins made a last advance to Louis, offering to save the monarchy if he would accept them as ministers. He spent the early years of the Revolution in Corsica, fighting in a complex three-way struggle among royalists, revolutionaries, and Corsican nationalists. This austere new religion of virtue was received with signs of hostility by the Parisian public. The Thermidorian regime that followed proved unpopular, facing many rebellions after the execution of Robespierre and his allies. The members of the upper house, the Council of Ancients, were chosen by lot from among all of the deputies. The period from 1793 to 1794 was known as Reign of Terror: 1. [CBSE 2015] Answer: The following points explain the Reign of Terror: ... We hope the given CBSE Class 9 History Chapter 1 Extra Questions The French Revolution Pdf free download will help you. On November 3, 1795, a bicameral parliament called the Directory was established and the National Convention ceased to exist. The trade of slave started in seventeenth century. Foods, such as meat and bread were rationed. As Napoleon I, he was emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815. According to new constitution; These new provisions were brought to prevent the concentration of power in one-man executive; as happened in the reign of Jacobins. The Reign of Terror (September 5, 1793 – July 28, 1794), also known as The Terror, was a period of violence during the French Revolution incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins (moderate republicans) and the Jacobins (radical republicans), and marked by mass executions of “the enemies of the revolution.”. On November 3, 1795, the Directory – a bicameral parliament – was established and the National Convention ceased to exist. Meanwhile, French armies overran the Netherlands and established the Batavian Republic, occupied the left bank of the Rhine, and forced Spain, Prussia and several German states to sue for peace, enhancing the prestige of the National Convention. In this series, Dr. Carson examines the connection between ideology and the revolutions of our time and traces the impact on several major countries and the spread of the ideas and practices around the world. This video is a part of Pebbles CBSE Syllabus Live Teaching Videos Pack. His Egyptian expedition included a group of 167 scientists, with mathematicians, naturalists, chemists, and geodesists among them (their discoveries included the Rosetta Stone). The remainder of the House, 345 deputies, belonged to no definite party and were called the Marsh (Le Marais) or the Plain (La Plaine). The royalists attacked Bonaparte for looting Italy and warned that he might become a dictator. In this 14-month period about 17000 people including innocents were executed. Its achievements were minor and the approach reflected another turn towards dictatorship and the failure of liberal democracy. For punishment, 361 voted for death without conditions, just carrying the vote by a marginal majority. In December 1793, the Convention formally conferred executive power upon the Committee and Robespierre established a virtual dictatorship. Explain the structure and role of the Directory. However, the slavery began to be criticized in France. One class in French society included most of the population? The prime mover for the events was a Montagnard conspiracy, which was gradually coalescing and came to pass when the Montagnards finally swayed the deputies of the right over to their side. Peasants were forced to sell their grains on fixed price in cities. The clash between Directory and member of councils led to political instability, which opened the door of military dictator, Napoleon Bonaparte. His father Carlo Buonaparte was named Corsica’s representative to the court of Louis XVI in 1777. Two elected legislative councils would appoint an executive committee of five members, called Directory which would finally run the government. The year of Jacobin rule was the first time in history that terror became an official government policy, with the stated aim to use violence to achieve a higher political goal. The Reign of Terror, also known simply as The Terror, was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution". The conspiracies came together on Thermidor 9 (July 27) when members of the national bodies of the revolutionary government arrested Robespierre and the leaders of the Paris city government. Its most famous leaders were Jacques Pierre Brissot, the philosopher Condorcet, and Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud. 2. Often members of targeted groups were the victims of prison massacres or put on trial without due process, similar conditions to those provided to the counter-revolutionaries during the Reign of Terror. The Legislative Assembly ceased to exist. The Closing of the Jacobin Club, during the night of July 27-28, 1794. Joseph Fouché also played an important role as instigator of the events. The Reign of Terror (September 5, 1793 – July 28, 1794), also known as The Terror, was a period of violence during the French Revolution incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins (moderate republicans) and the Jacobins (radical republicans), and marked by mass executions of “the enemies of the revolution.” The death toll ranged in the tens of thousands, with 16,594 executed by guillotine and another 25,000 in summary executions across France. When the elections of 1798 and 1799 were carried by the opposition, it used the Army to imprison and exile opposition leaders and close opposition newspapers. After the victories in the Italian campaign and despite the defeats in the Egyptian campaign, Napoleon was welcomed in France as a hero. Robespierre was also the leader of a radical group called the Jacobins. The Jacobins were meticulous in maintaining a legal structure for the Terror, so clear records exist for official death sentences. Shortly after a decisive military victory over Austria at the Battle of Fleurus, Robespierre was overthrown in July 1794 and the reign of the standing Committee of Public Safety was ended. Girondins were convinced that their opponents aspired to a bloody dictatorship, while the Montagnards believed that Girondins were ready for any compromise with conservatives and royalists that would guarantee their remaining in power. Bonaparte was promoted to brigadier general at the age of 24. Following this, his army captured Milan and started the Siege of Mantua. Napoleon’s Italian victories overshadowed his Egyptian defeats during the French Revolutionary Wars, while his position at home strengthened after the Directory became dependent on the military. This effectively led to Bonaparte’s dictatorship and in 1804 to his proclamation as emperor. As a result of Robespierre’s insistence on associating Terror with Virtue, his efforts to make the republic a morally united patriotic community became equated with the endless bloodshed. Chaos persisted until the National Convention, elected by universal male suffrage and charged with writing a new constitution, met on September 20, 1792, and became the new de facto government of France. Portrait of Maximilien de Robespierre (1758-1794) by an unknown artist. The new Constitution sought to create a separation of powers, but in reality power was in the hands of the five members of the Directory. Within days, the Convention was overtaken by factional conflicts. The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the Reign of Terror. The Reign of Terror grew out of the events of the summer of 1792. Stories and images of the Reign of Terror have come to dominate our perceptions of the French Revolution. Sometimes people died for their political opinions or actions, but many for little reason beyond mere suspicion or because others had a stake in getting rid of them. The former Louis XVI, now simply named Citoyen Louis Capet (Citizen Louis Capet), was executed by guillotine. Sent by Napoleon from Italy, Pierre Augereau and his troops storm Tuileries and capture Generals Charles Pichegru and Willot. On October 31, 1795, the members of the Council of Five Hundred submitted a list of candidates to the Council of Ancients, which chose the first Directory. The execution of Louis XVI united all European governments, including Spain, Naples, and the Netherlands, against the Revolution. The election took place in September 1792. Answer: Louis XVI of the Bourbon […] However, the Committee of Public Safety was seen as an “emergency” government and the rights guaranteed by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the new constitution were suspended under its control. They were committed to the ideals of the Revolution and thus generally inclined to side with the left but would also occasionally back proposals from the right. The Reign of Terror was started on 5 September, 1793. With the establishment of the Directory, contemporary observers might have assumed that the Revolution was finished. The Reign of Terror or simply The Terror was a period of about 11 months during the French Revolution. The Thermidorian Reaction was a coup d’état within the French Revolution against the leaders of the Jacobin Club who dominated the Committee of Public Safety. A year later, the National Convention adopted the Constitution of 1795. According to its own ruling, the Convention elected its President, who was eligible for re-election, every fortnight. Finally, women got right to vote in the year of 1946 in France. Those on the right who wished to restore the monarchy by putting Louis XVIII on the throne, and those on the left who would have renewed the Reign of Terror tried but failed to overthrow the Directory. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The attack on Jaffa was particularly brutal. Catching the attention of the Committee of Public Safety, he was put in charge of the artillery of France’s Army of Italy. Which statement is a valid generalization about the immediate results of the French Revolution of 1 7 8 9? The Demonstration of June 20, 1792, followed as the last peaceful attempt made by the people of Paris to persuade King Louis XVI of France to abandon his current policy and attempt to follow what they believed to be a more empathetic approach to governing. Napoleon’s accession marked the end of the French Revolution and the beginning of Napoleonic France and Europe. Louis XVI sought the most illustrious legal minds in France as his defense team. Its laws and policies took the revolution to unprecedented heights—they introduced the revolutionary calendar in 1793, closed churches in and around Paris as a part of a movement of dechristianization, tried and executed Marie Antoinette, and instituted the Law of Suspects, among other initiatives. In Paris and many other cities, the massacres of prisoners and priests (known as September Massacres) followed. The time between 1792 and 1794 was dominated by the radical ideology until the execution of Robespierre in July 1794. Throughout the winter of 1792 and spring of 1793, Paris was plagued by food riots and mass hunger. The national movements in various colonies; including India, Indo-China and South Africa were greatly influenced by the developments in French Revolution. In April 1793, the Convention created the Committee of Public Safety. 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